The Protective Vow of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva in the Lotus Sutra: Context, Interpretations, and Contemporary Relevance

Introduction: The Significance of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s Vow in the Lotus Sutra

The Lotus Sutra, revered as a cornerstone of Mahayana Buddhism, articulates the profound principle of universal Buddhahood, asserting that all beings possess the inherent potential to attain enlightenment.¹ Within this influential scripture, Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, also known as Samantabhadra, stands as an eminent figure embodying the virtues of practice and profound meditation.³ Often depicted alongside Shakyamuni Buddha and Manjushri Bodhisattva (representing wisdom), Universal-Sage symbolizes the crucial role of compassionate action in the path towards enlightenment.³ The frequent depiction of these three figures together underscores their complementary roles in the Mahayana Buddhist journey. Wisdom, personified by Manjushri, offers the essential understanding of emptiness and the true nature of reality, while action and practice, embodied by Universal-Sage, represent the application of this wisdom in the world through selfless and compassionate deeds. Shakyamuni Buddha, as the historical founder, serves as the embodiment and synthesis of these indispensable qualities.³

Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Lotus Sutra holds particular significance as it culminates with the powerful vow made by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva to protect those who embrace and uphold the sutra, especially during the challenging period known as the “later age”.⁵ This vow, made in the presence of the Buddha, offers reassurance and encouragement to practitioners navigating the difficulties inherent in the cycle of life and death. This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow, exploring its textual context, the diverse interpretations it has garnered across Buddhist traditions, its connection to fundamental Buddhist concepts, and its enduring relevance for contemporary Buddhist practice. By examining the multifaceted dimensions of this pivotal passage, a deeper understanding of its significance for both historical and modern-day followers of the Lotus Sutra can be achieved.

Chapter Twenty-Eight: Context and Text of the Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s Vow

Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Lotus Sutra unfolds with the majestic arrival of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva from the eastern direction, accompanied by an immeasurable and boundless assembly of great bodhisattvas.⁵ The imagery accompanying his arrival is striking, with descriptions of the earth shaking in response to their presence and a rain of jeweled lotus flowers descending.⁸ These symbolic occurrences are not mere embellishments but rather serve to highlight the transformative power and auspicious nature associated with Universal-Sage Bodhisattva and the teachings he brings forth. The earthquake can be interpreted as a metaphor for a fundamental shift in understanding or a profound shaking off of inherent defilements that obscure one’s true nature. Similarly, the raining of jeweled lotuses, whichRooted in muddy waters yet blossoming into pristine beauty, symbolizes the potential for enlightenment and purity to arise even from the midst of the defiled world.¹¹

Within this significant setting, Universal-Sage Bodhisattva makes a solemn vow to Shakyamuni Buddha, promising to protect those who keep and practice the Lotus Sutra in the “defiled world” during the “later five hundred years” after the Buddha’s passing.⁵ The core text of this vow expresses his commitment to ensuring that practitioners are free from troubles, experience peace, and are safeguarded from those who might seek to exploit their weaknesses.⁶ This promise of protection is particularly significant when considering the challenges inherent in practicing the Buddha Dharma in a world characterized by conflict and impurities.

Furthermore, Chapter Twenty-Eight outlines specific conditions under which individuals can obtain the Lotus Sutra after the Buddha’s extinction.⁵ These conditions include being the object of the Buddhas’ mindfulness and protection, amassing roots of virtue, entering the stage of steadiness in proceeding towards enlightenment, and bringing forth the mind to rescue all living beings.⁶ The emphasis on these prerequisites, alongside the vow of protection, suggests a reciprocal relationship between the practitioner’s diligent efforts on the path and the supportive grace extended by enlightened beings like Universal-Sage Bodhisattva. While the practitioner is responsible for cultivating their spiritual development through virtuous actions and a compassionate intention, the bodhisattva’s vow acts as an assurance that these efforts will be supported, particularly during the arduous times predicted for the later age.

Diverse Interpretations of the Protection Vow

The protection vow articulated by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva in Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Lotus Sutra has been subject to diverse interpretations across the rich landscape of Buddhist thought. Within the broader Mahayana tradition, Universal-Sage is revered as a bodhisattva of immense power and compassion, whose primary role is to aid practitioners on their journey towards enlightenment.³ His very essence is associated with practice and the unwavering fulfillment of vows.³ The ten great vows of Samantabhadra, as detailed in the Avatamsaka Sutra, provide a comprehensive framework for understanding his profound commitment to the well-being of all sentient beings.³ These vows encompass a vast spectrum of bodhisattva practices, ranging from the fundamental act of paying homage to all Buddhas to the ultimate aspiration of universally benefiting all living beings. The protection vow within the Lotus Sutra can thus be viewed as a focused manifestation of this overarching and deeply ingrained commitment, specifically directed towards those who dedicate themselves to the teachings of the Lotus Sutra during a predicted era of decline.

Many interpretations of the vow emphasize that the protection extends specifically to those who actively engage with the Lotus Sutra through practices such as upholding its teachings, diligently reading its verses, and faithfully reciting its words.⁵ These actions are seen as essential for connecting with the profound wisdom contained within the sutra and for cultivating the seeds of enlightenment in one’s own life. Furthermore, the chapter also includes the recitation of a dharani, a powerful mantra, by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva.⁵ The inclusion of this dharani adds another layer to the understanding of the protection offered, suggesting a means of esoteric or spiritual power that transcends ordinary comprehension and serves to ward off harm and negative influences. This implies a direct transmission of protective energy from the bodhisattva to those who embrace the Lotus Sutra and its practices.

The Defiled World (Saha World) and the Challenges of Practice

The context of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow is explicitly set within the “defiled world,” a concept deeply rooted in Buddhist cosmology. This realm is more formally known as the Saha world, a Sanskrit term that signifies a world characterized by endurance, where sentient beings are compelled to withstand various forms of suffering.⁶ The very name “Saha,” meaning “together” or “enduring,” underscores the inherent difficulties and moral challenges that practitioners are expected to encounter within this sphere of existence.⁸ It is a realm filled with the three poisons – greed, anger, and ignorance – and various other mental impurities or defilements (kleshas) that obscure one’s true nature and hinder spiritual progress.⁷

In contrast to the Saha world, Buddhist cosmology also describes the existence of Pure Lands, realms of pristine purity and enlightenment, often associated with specific Buddhas.¹⁷ While some Buddhist traditions might emphasize the aspiration to be reborn in these Pure Lands as a means of escaping the defilements of the Saha world, the Lotus Sutra, particularly as interpreted by Nichiren, presents a different perspective.²⁶ Nichiren Buddhism reveals the potential for the Saha world itself to be transformed into a pure land, the Land of Eternally Tranquil Light, through the embracing and practice of the Mystic Law.²⁶ This view shifts the focus from seeking an external escape to actively transforming the existing reality through one’s Buddhist practice. In this context, Universal-Sage’s vow of protection takes on the added significance of aiding practitioners in this very transformation within the challenges of the Saha world.

The Lotus Sutra also alludes to the concept of the “evil world with the five defilements,” which provides a more detailed understanding of the specific difficulties anticipated in the “later five hundred years”.⁸ These five defilements are identified as the defiled age (characterized by famine, epidemics, and war), defiled views (the spread of twisted thinking), defiled passions (actions driven by blind desires), defilement of beings (corruption of human nature), and defiled life (a loss of the dignity and value of life).⁸ This comprehensive description paints a vivid picture of the increasing moral and spiritual degradation expected in the latter age, thereby underscoring the profound importance and timely nature of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow to protect those who uphold the Lotus Sutra amidst such challenging conditions.

The “Later Five Hundred Years”: Eschatological Significance and Interpretations

The specific timeframe mentioned in Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow, the “later five hundred years” after the Buddha’s extinction, carries significant weight within Buddhist eschatology. This timeframe is closely linked to the broader concept of the Decline of the Dharma, known as Mappo in Japanese, which describes a traditional Buddhist understanding of how the Buddha’s teachings and their efficacy are believed to diminish over the course of history.²⁹ The traditional view posits that after the Buddha’s passing, the Dharma would gradually decline in stages, with each successive period marked by a decrease in practitioners’ ability to attain enlightenment and a weakening of the teachings’ influence.²⁹ This prediction of decline instills a sense of urgency and highlights the particular importance of engaging with the correct Dharma, which Nichiren viewed as the Lotus Sutra, during this predicted latter age. The understanding is that as the capacity of individuals to comprehend and practice the Dharma wanes over time, the vow made by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva to safeguard practitioners during this specific period becomes all the more critical.

There are varying interpretations regarding the precise meaning of the “later five hundred years.” Some Buddhist traditions understand it as the final period within a series of five consecutive five-hundred-year epochs following the Buddha’s parinirvana.²⁹ However, another interpretation suggests that the phrase simply refers to the five hundred years immediately following the Buddha’s physical death.²⁹

Interpretation	Supporting Snippet IDs	Brief Description	Implications for Universal-Sage’s Vow
Last of Five 500-Year Periods	²⁹	Views the “later five hundred years” as the fifth and final period in a 2500-year schema of Dharma’s decline, marked by quarrels and disputes.	Underscores the severity of the conditions and the increased need for protection in this final stage of decline.
500 Years After Buddha’s Death	²⁹	Interprets the timeframe as the initial half-millennium following the Buddha’s parinirvana.	Suggests an early need for protection as the Dharma begins its predicted decline.
Beginning of Latter Day of the Law (Nichiren)	³³	Nichiren interprets this as the commencement of Mappo, the Latter Day of the Law, characterized by widespread confusion and diminished capacity for traditional Buddhist practices.	Positions the vow as particularly relevant for the extended period of the Latter Day, emphasizing the Lotus Sutra’s efficacy in this age.

Nichiren Daishonin held a particularly significant interpretation, understanding “the last five hundred years” to signify the very beginning of the Latter Day of the Law (Mappo).³³ This interpretation is central to the tenets of Nichiren Buddhism and his conviction that the Lotus Sutra is the singular teaching capable of guiding individuals to enlightenment in this degenerate age.³⁴ This understanding directly connects Universal-Sage’s vow to the specific trials and tribulations that Nichiren and his followers encountered in 13th-century Japan, and which continue to be relevant for practitioners in the modern world.

Nichiren’s Unique Interpretation: The Rarity of Practice in the Latter Day

Nichiren Daishonin asserted that the Lotus Sutra stands as the sole true teaching perfectly suited for the people living in the Latter Day of the Law.⁴⁶ He emphasized the paramount importance of chanting Nam-myoho-renge-kyo, the daimoku or title of the Lotus Sutra, as the fundamental practice for attaining Buddhahood in this era.⁴⁶ In Nichiren’s perspective, “keeping the sutra” in the context of the Latter Day primarily entails having unwavering faith in and diligently chanting this sacred title. Therefore, Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow to protect those who “keep this sutra” is directly applicable to those who embrace and practice the chanting of Nam-myoho-renge-kyo during this challenging period of the Dharma’s decline.

To illustrate the rarity of encountering and truly practicing the correct teaching in the Latter Day, Nichiren employed a powerful analogy: comparing the multitude of beings in the world to the vast expanse of soil on the entire earth, while those who steadfastly keep and practice the Lotus Sutra are likened to the mere dirt found under a fingernail.⁶³ This stark comparison, rooted in imagery found within the Lotus Sutra itself ⁶³, poignantly underscores Nichiren’s understanding of the immense value and profound significance of those individuals who, amidst widespread delusion and slander of the Law, dedicate themselves to its practice. The sheer disparity in numbers emphasizes the inherent difficulty in maintaining unwavering faith and consistent practice in an age dominated by spiritual confusion. Within this context, Universal-Sage’s vow of protection becomes an even more vital assurance for this relatively small group of devoted practitioners.

Furthermore, Nichiren identified his followers who actively propagate the Mystic Law as Bodhisattvas of the Earth.⁶⁴ These bodhisattvas, according to his teachings, emerge in the Latter Day with a specific and crucial mission to spread the life-affirming teachings of the Lotus Sutra throughout the world. Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s protective vow can be seen as directly supporting these courageous individuals in their noble endeavor, ensuring that they are not deterred by the inevitable obstacles and persecutions they will face in fulfilling their mission to awaken all people to their inherent Buddha nature.

Mutual Support and Interdependence: The Foundation of Buddhist Practice

Underlying Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s compassionate vow is the fundamental Buddhist principle of Pratītyasamutpāda, often translated as dependent origination or interdependent co-arising.⁶⁷ This core teaching posits that all phenomena in the universe arise in dependence upon a multitude of causes and conditions; nothing exists in isolation or as an independent entity.⁶⁸ From this perspective, Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow to protect practitioners is not an isolated act of benevolence but rather an integral part of the vast and interconnected web of support that permeates the Buddhist cosmos. If all aspects of existence are inherently interdependent, then the actions and deeply held vows of an enlightened bodhisattva like Universal-Sage have a direct and tangible impact on the well-being and spiritual progress of those who strive to follow the Buddhist path. This principle also underscores the crucial importance of practitioners offering mutual support and encouragement to one another.

The Sangha, or the community of Buddhist practitioners, plays a vital role in embodying this principle of mutual support.⁸² Especially during challenging times, the Sangha serves as an indispensable source of encouragement, invaluable guidance, and collective protection for individuals diligently practicing the Lotus Sutra.⁸² In the context of the “defiled world” and the predicted difficulties of the “later five hundred years,” the unwavering support of a community of fellow practitioners becomes absolutely essential for persevering in one’s personal practice and ultimately experiencing the profound benefits promised by Universal-Sage’s compassionate vow.

Furthermore, Universal-Sage’s vow can be understood as a specific and powerful manifestation of the broader Bodhisattva vow, a fundamental commitment within Mahayana Buddhism to work tirelessly for the enlightenment and liberation of all sentient beings.⁹¹ The deep-seated desire to protect and aid practitioners in a particularly challenging age stems directly from the core bodhisattva commitment to alleviate suffering in all its forms and to guide each and every being towards the ultimate attainment of enlightenment.

Universal-Sage Bodhisattva (Samantabhadra): Role, Symbolism, and Significance in Mahayana Buddhism

Universal-Sage Bodhisattva occupies a revered position in Mahayana Buddhism as the embodiment of practice and great conduct.³ Often depicted in conjunction with Manjushri Bodhisattva, who represents wisdom, Universal-Sage highlights the essential balance between intellectual understanding of Buddhist principles and their active implementation in daily life.³ The complementary roles of these two bodhisattvas underscore the Mahayana emphasis on the integration of wisdom and action as indispensable aspects of the path to enlightenment. Universal-Sage’s vow to protect practitioners can be viewed as a profound act of great conduct, directly supporting their diligent efforts to embody the wisdom of the Dharma through consistent and dedicated practice.

Several key symbols are associated with Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, perhaps the most prominent being the majestic six-tusked white elephant.³ The six tusks of this symbolic elephant are widely understood to represent the Six Perfections (Paramitas) – generosity, morality, patience, diligence, meditation, and wisdom.³ These perfections embody the essential qualities that a bodhisattva diligently cultivates as they progress on the path towards enlightenment. By being depicted riding this magnificent creature, Universal-Sage demonstrates his mastery over these perfections and offers silent guidance and encouragement to practitioners who are themselves striving to develop these vital qualities in their own lives.

Beyond his significant role in the Lotus Sutra, Universal-Sage Bodhisattva also holds a prominent place in other important Mahayana scriptures, most notably the Avatamsaka Sutra.³ In this sutra, he articulates his ten great vows, which serve as a comprehensive guide for bodhisattvas and further illuminate his profound commitment to the liberation of all beings. These vows, encompassing a wide range of aspirational practices, provide a broader context for understanding the depth and scope of Universal-Sage’s compassion and his unwavering dedication to aiding all those who seek enlightenment.

Scholarly and Practitioner Commentaries on Chapter Twenty-Eight

Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Lotus Sutra, featuring Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow, has been the subject of extensive commentary by both Buddhist scholars and practitioners throughout history. Many commentaries focus on the four essential conditions outlined in the chapter for obtaining the Lotus Sutra after the Buddha’s passing.⁵ These conditions – being mindful of the Buddhas, cultivating virtue, attaining steadiness, and aspiring to save all beings – are often analyzed as representing key aspects of Buddhist practice necessary to connect with the profound teachings of the Lotus Sutra, especially in the challenging latter age.

Interpretations of the dharani, the protective mantra recited by Universal-Sage, also abound.⁵ This dharani is generally understood to possess potent spiritual power, capable of safeguarding practitioners from various forms of harm, both physical and spiritual. Commentaries often delve into the specific syllables and their potential meanings, highlighting the esoteric dimension of the protection offered by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva.

Within the Nichiren Buddhist tradition, Nichiren Daishonin’s own commentaries on Chapter Twenty-Eight, particularly those found in “The Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings,” offer unique and insightful perspectives.⁵⁹ Nichiren interprets the term “encouragement” (kambotsu), which appears in the chapter’s title, as encompassing both the act of converting others to the Lotus Sutra’s teachings and the importance of diligently engaging in one’s own Buddhist practice.⁵⁹ This interpretation underscores the active and dynamic role of the practitioner in both their personal spiritual development and in sharing the transformative power of the Lotus Sutra with others. In Nichiren’s view, Universal-Sage’s vow of protection specifically supports this dual engagement with the Dharma in the challenging environment of the Latter Day of the Law.

Contemporary Application: Protection, Perseverance, and Unseen Support in Modern Practice

In the contemporary world, often perceived as fraught with challenges and “defilements,” Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow of protection continues to offer profound solace and unwavering encouragement to Buddhist practitioners striving to maintain their practice amidst the myriad pressures of modern life.⁵⁰ The bodhisattva’s promise serves as a beacon of hope, reassuring practitioners that they are not alone in their efforts to navigate the complexities of the Saha world and to cultivate inner peace and enlightenment.

Perseverance, the steadfast commitment to one’s Buddhist practice in the face of adversity, emerges as a central theme in the Lotus Sutra tradition.¹¹² The challenges predicted for the “later five hundred years,” and indeed experienced in modern times, necessitate a strong and unwavering determination to continue one’s practice. Universal-Sage’s vow provides the crucial assurance that practitioners will be supported in their efforts to persevere, enabling them to overcome obstacles and ultimately realize the transformative power of the Lotus Sutra in their lives.

Furthermore, the concept of unseen support from Buddhas and bodhisattvas, as explicitly promised by Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, is a source of profound inspiration and empowerment for contemporary Buddhist practitioners.⁵⁹ While this support may not always be visible or tangible, the deep-seated belief in the compassionate energies and unwavering assistance of enlightened beings can significantly strengthen one’s faith and resolve in their daily practice. This sense of connection to a larger spiritual reality fosters a feeling of security and encouragement, enabling practitioners to face life’s inevitable challenges with greater courage and optimism.

Conclusion: The Enduring Relevance of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s Promise

Universal-Sage Bodhisattva’s vow in Chapter Twenty-Eight of the Lotus Sutra stands as a powerful testament to the enduring compassion and unwavering commitment of bodhisattvas to aid all beings on their path to enlightenment. The diverse interpretations of this vow across Buddhist traditions highlight its multifaceted significance, particularly within the context of the predicted decline of the Dharma in the “later age.” Nichiren Daishonin’s unique understanding of this passage, emphasizing the rarity and importance of practicing the Lotus Sutra in the Latter Day of the Law, further underscores the profound value of Universal-Sage’s promise of protection.

The fundamental Buddhist principles of mutual support and interdependence provide a solid foundation for understanding the interconnectedness of the practitioner’s efforts and the bodhisattva’s compassionate vow. Universal-Sage Bodhisattva, as the embodiment of practice and great conduct, serves as a guiding light for those striving to cultivate the Six Perfections on their path. The scholarly and practitioner commentaries on Chapter Twenty-Eight offer valuable insights into the various dimensions of the vow, enriching our appreciation of its meaning and scope.

In contemporary Buddhist practice, the themes of protection, perseverance, and the support of unseen beings, all central to Universal-Sage’s vow, continue to resonate deeply with practitioners facing the unique challenges of the modern world. This enduring relevance underscores the timeless wisdom of the Lotus Sutra and the profound compassion of the bodhisattvas who vow to guide and protect all beings on their journey towards ultimate liberation.

Works cited

Lotus Sutra | Soka Gakkai (global), accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sokaglobal.org/about-the-soka-gakkai/buddhist-lineage/lotus-sutra.html
Living the Lotus Sutra – SGI USA, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sgi-usa.org/the-humanism-of-the-lotus-sutra/living-the-lotus-sutra/
Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva) – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)
Samantabhadra (Pancha Raksha): The Universal Worthy Bodhisattva – Termatree, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.termatree.com/blogs/termatree/samantabhadra-bodhisattva
Lotus Sutra – Chapter 28, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/resources/sutras/lotus/sources/lotus28.htm
Chapter 28: The Encouragement of Universal-Sage Bodhisattva | 500 Yojanas, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.500yojanas.org/lotus-sutra/chapter28/
The Lotus Sutra[28] – The Encouragement of Bodhisattva Universally Worthy – nichiren.info, accessed April 26, 2025, https://nichiren.info/buddhism/lotussutra/text/chap28.html
The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra with Commentary 28 – City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.cttbusa.org/dfs28/dfs28.asp.html
Lotus Sutra, Ch. 28, with subtitles – YouTube, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2-x-EQzMITk
The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra 28 – City of Ten Thousand Buddhas, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.cttbusa.org/lotus/lotus28.asp.html
THREEFOLD LOTUS SUTRA – RKINA, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.buddhistcenter-rkina.org/post/threefold-lotus-sutra
Samantabhadra – The Zen Gateway, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.thezengateway.com/teachings/the-way-of-devotion-samantabhadra
Universal Virtue (Samantabhadra) Bodhisattva’s Practices And Vows’ Chapter《普贤菩萨行愿品》 – Purelanders, accessed April 26, 2025, https://purelanders.com/2022/05/03/xingyuanpin/
Bodhisattva Samantabhadra | Foremost in Buddhist Practice and Meditation, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.originalbuddhas.com/blog/samantabhadra-bodhisattva
Samantabhadra’s The King of Prayers is the ultimate Buddhist practice how-to and itself a complete practice – Buddha Weekly: Buddhist Practices, Mindfulness, Meditation, accessed April 26, 2025, https://buddhaweekly.com/why-is-the-king-of-prayers-considered-the-most-extraordinary-of-prayers-practices-and-teachings-the-path-of-the-bodhisattva-the-universal-good-of-bodhichitta/
The Divine Presence: Adi Buddha Samantabhadra in Buddhist Art and Symbolism – Enlightenment Thangka, accessed April 26, 2025, https://enlightenmentthangka.com/blogs/thangka/adi-buddha-samantabhadra
sahā world | Dictionary of Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/S/9
Sahā – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sah%C4%81
Saha world – Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php/Saha_world
The Saha World – Buddhist Vajrayana Malaysia Centre, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.vajrayana.org.my/en/dharma/the-saha-world.html
Defilement: Significance and symbolism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/defilement
kleśa [kilesa] defilement – Dictionary | Buddhistdoor, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www2.buddhistdoor.net/dictionary/details/klesa-kilesa-defilement
Kleshas (Buddhism) – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)
The Demons of Defilement: (Kilesa Mara) – Access to Insight, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/thai/lee/demons.html
Saha world: Significance and symbolism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/saha-world
The ‘Saha’ World Is Itself the Land of Eternally Tranquil Light – nichiren.info, accessed April 26, 2025, http://nichiren.info/buddhism/library/SokaGakkai/Study/LectLS/Lectur22.htm
Revealing the True Nature of This Sahā World – 500 Yojanas, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.500yojanas.org/revealing-the-true-nature-of-this-saha-world/
Living in the World of the Five Defilements – Mountain View Buddhist Temple, accessed April 26, 2025, https://mvbuddhisttemple.org/living-in-the-world-of-the-five-defilements/
Decline of the Dharma – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Dharma
Eschatology – Crystalinks, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.crystalinks.com/eschatology.html
Buddhist eschatology, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.tibetanbuddhistencyclopedia.com/en/index.php?title=Buddhist_eschatology
Buddhist eschatology – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology
http://www.500yojanas.org, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.500yojanas.org/the-last-five-hundred-years/#:~:text=Daji%20jing%2C%20T%20397)%3B,to%20his%20own%2C%20present%20time.
The Last Five Hundred Years – 500 Yojanas, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.500yojanas.org/the-last-five-hundred-years/
Arise and Create a New Era – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2022/arise-and-create-a-new-era/
five five-hundred-year periods | Dictionary of Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/F/44
Looking for some insights into the “Buddhism will be corrupted 500 years after the Buddha’s passing” prophecy? – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/1fea1ei/looking_for_some_insights_into_the_buddhism_will/
The Selection of the Time | WND I – Nichiren Buddhism Library, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/66
Why did the Buddha say establishing the Bhikkhuni order would shorten the lifetime of Sangha to 500 years? – Dhamma Wheel, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?t=45842
Ages of Buddhism in Theravada – Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.dhammawheel.com/viewtopic.php?t=27464
Buddhism would only last 500 years : r/theravada – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/theravada/comments/bvkcfy/buddhism_would_only_last_500_years/
three periods | Dictionary of Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/T/157
Latter Day of the Law | Dictionary of Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/dic/Content/L/15
Innocent Question: Don’t the 3 Ages of Buddhism Mean Everything past Therevada is Middle or Latter Day of Dhamma? – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/s7lkqs/innocent_question_dont_the_3_ages_of_buddhism/
How Those Initially Aspiring to the Way Can Attain Buddhahood through the Lotus Sutra | WND I | Nichiren Buddhism Library, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/110
Chapter 1: Nichiren Daishonin’s Life and Teachings | Soka Gakkai (global), accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sokaglobal.org/resources/study-materials/buddhist-study/the-basics-of-nichiren-buddhism-for-the-new-era-of-worldwide-kosen-rufu/chapter-1.html
The faith of Nichiren Buddhism – RKUK, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.rkuk.org/nichiren-buddhism/the-faith-of-nichiren-buddhism/
On the Four Stages of Faith and the Five Stages of Practice | WND I | Nichiren Buddhism Library, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/94
Four Sets of the Three Parts of the Buddha’s Teachings – NBA Nichiren Shu San Francisco Bay Area, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenbayarea.org/four-sets-of-the-three-parts-of-the-buddhas-teachings
Living True to Our Vow to Awaken the Buddha Nature in All People – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2022/living-true-to-our-vow-to-awaken-the-buddha-nature-inall-people/
Nichiren Buddhism – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism
Nichiren Daishonin—His Lifelong Vow and Great Compassion – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2023/nichiren-daishonin-his-lifelong-vow-and-great-compassion-2/
Nichiren – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichiren
Brief History of Buddhism – Myosetsuji Temple, accessed April 26, 2025, https://nstny.org/brief-history
Nichiren as the True Buddha – Dharma Wheel, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.dharmawheel.net/viewtopic.php?t=17660
Chapter 1: The Lotus Sutra and the Practice of Nichiren Buddhism – NBANichiren Shu San Francisco Bay Area, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenbayarea.org/chapter-1-the-lotus-sutra-and-the-practice-of-nichiren-buddhism
Questions and Answers about Embracing the Lotus Sutra | WND I, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/8
Nichiren’s Interpretation of the Universality of the Lotus Sutra, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.kokoro-iebs.org/papers/NO/008/pdf/008_Sekido.pdf
“Encouragements of the Bodhisattva Universal Worthy” chapter: six important points | OTT, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/ott/PART-2/28
Everything Begins With Prayer Infused With the Shared Vow of Mentor and Disciple, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2021/everything-begins-with-prayer-infused-with-the-shared-vow-of-mentor-and-disciple/
Excerpt from Lotus Sutra, Ease of Practice : r/Buddhism – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/ukbx11/excerpt_from_lotus_sutra_ease_of_practice/
Chapter 8: The Lineage and Tradition of Buddhist Humanism | Soka Gakkai (global), accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sokaglobal.org/resources/study-materials/buddhist-study/the-basics-of-nichiren-buddhism-for-the-new-era-of-worldwide-kosen-rufu/chapter-8.html
The Lotus Sutra[7] – The Parable of the Phantom City – nichiren.info, accessed April 26, 2025, https://nichiren.info/buddhism/lotussutra/text/chap07.html
Bodhisattvas of the Earth – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattvas_of_the_Earth
The Opening of the Eyes | WND I | Nichiren Buddhism Library, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/30
The Lotus Sutra[20] – Bodhisattva Never Disparaging – nichiren.info, accessed April 26, 2025, https://nichiren.info/buddhism/lotussutra/text/chap20.html
Mutual conditioning: Significance and symbolism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/mutual-conditioning
Pratītyasamutpāda – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da
The Inherently Relational Nature of the Buddhist Path, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.buddhistinquiry.org/article/the-inherently-relational-nature-of-the-buddhist-path/
What is dependent origination? – Tricycle: The Buddhist Review, accessed April 26, 2025, https://tricycle.org/beginners/buddhism/dependent-origination/
Pratityasamutpada – Encyclopedia of Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://encyclopediaofbuddhism.org/wiki/Pratityasamutpada
Pratītyasamutpāda: The Buddhist Concept of Dependent Origination – HD Asian Art, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.hdasianart.com/blogs/news/pratityasamutpada-the-buddhist-concept-of-dependent-origination
What is Interdependent Origination? – Lion’s Roar, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.lionsroar.com/what-is-interdependent-origination/
Buddhism – Pratītyasamutpāda – Oxford Bibliographies, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0027.xml
Venerable Thich Nhat Hanh Beautifully Explains the Concept of Dependent-Origination Using a Table as an Example. : r/Buddhism – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/2hoemg/venerable_thich_nhat_hanh_beautifully_explains/
Dependent Arising and Interdependence – Insight Meditation Society, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.dharma.org/dependent-arising-and-interdependence/
The Central Concept of Buddhism: The Teaching of Interdependent Co-arising – Shin Dharma Net – Buddhist Study Center, accessed April 26, 2025, https://bschawaii.org/shindharmanet/studies/coarising/
Interdependence: A powerful teaching | Nadia Colburn, accessed April 26, 2025, https://nadiacolburn.com/interdependence/
The Power of Interdependence: A Buddhist Perspective – Scott Tusa, accessed April 26, 2025, https://scotttusa.com/blog/the-power-of-interdependence-a-buddhist-perspective
Lotus Sutra 6: Suffering and Time – Michael Stone, accessed April 26, 2025, https://michaelstoneteaching.com/lotus-sutra-6-suffering-and-time/
Lotus Sutra 15: Emptiness and the Necessary Obstacle – Michael Stone, accessed April 26, 2025, https://michaelstoneteaching.com/lotus-sutra-15-emptiness-and-the-necessary-obstacle/
Sangha – (Intro to Buddhism) – Vocab, Definition, Explanations | Fiveable, accessed April 26, 2025, https://fiveable.me/key-terms/introduction-buddhism/sangha
Q: What is the Sangha? – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2023/qa-on-the-sangha/
Strength in the Sangha: Growing Together as a Buddhist Community (ft. Bro. Chye Chye), accessed April 26, 2025, https://handfulofleaves.life/strength-in-the-sangha-growing-together-as-a-buddhist-community-ft-bro-chye-chye/
247 – Sangha Challenges: How and Why to Open Up to the Treasure of Sangha – Part 3, accessed April 26, 2025, https://zenstudiespodcast.com/sangha-challenges-part-3/
The Importance of Sangha (the Buddhist Community) Part 1 – Bright Way Zen, accessed April 26, 2025, https://brightwayzen.org/the-importance-of-sangha-the-buddhist-community-part-1/
Sangha Building / Tending the Fire – Plum Village, accessed April 26, 2025, https://plumvillage.org/articles/tending-the-fire
16 – Sangha: The Joys, Challenges, and Value of Practicing in a Buddhist Community, accessed April 26, 2025, https://zenstudiespodcast.com/sangha/
Affinity Sanghas and the Practice of Refuge | Lion’s Roar, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.lionsroar.com/affinity-sanghas-and-the-practice-of-refuge/
Right Livelihood — combining work with practice and Sangha-community : r/Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/mhzd7h/right_livelihood_combining_work_with_practice_and/
Questioning the bodhisattva vow – Substack, accessed April 26, 2025, https://open.substack.com/pub/meaningness/p/questioning-the-bodhisattva-vow?utm_source=post&comments=true&utm_medium=web
Living the bodhisattva vow – the kongdan foundation, accessed April 26, 2025, https://thekongdanfoundation.com/living-the-bodhisattva-vow/
So I’m greatly confused on how the bodhisattva vows relate to enlightenment : r/Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/1dasctj/so_im_greatly_confused_on_how_the_bodhisattva/
Bodhisattva vow – Wikipedia, accessed April 26, 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow
The Bodhisattva Vows – Terebess Online, accessed April 26, 2025, https://terebess.hu/zen/szoto/vows.html
Bodhisattva Vow and the Bonding Aspiration of the 5 Buddha Families: Reversing Dharma Downfalls, Purifying Karma, and Restoring Commitments, accessed April 26, 2025, https://buddhaweekly.com/bodhisattva-vow-and-the-bonding-aspiration-of-the-5-buddha-families-reversing-dharma-downfalls-purifying-karma-and-restoring-commitments/
Development of Mahayana’s Four Universal Vows – Fo Guang Shan International Translation Center | Buddhist Publications, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.fgsitc.org/development-of-mahayanas-four-universal-vows/
The Bodhisattva Vow | Lion’s Roar, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.lionsroar.com/the-bodhisattva-vow/
48 Bodhisattva Vows – Japanese Buddhism Photo Dictionary – Onmark Productions, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/48-bosatsu-vows.shtml
The Four Universal Bodhisattva Vows – San Mateo Buddhist Temple, accessed April 26, 2025, https://sanmateobuddhisttemple.org/the-four-universal-bodhisattva-vows/
The Meaning of the Sacred Teachings of the Buddha’s Lifetime | WND II, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-2/Content/177
A Wonderful Mind: Teachings on the Refuge, Bodhisattva, and Tantric Vows – H.E. Garchen Rinpoche – Drikung Dharma Surya Center, accessed April 26, 2025, https://drikungdharmasurya.org/2015/11/a-wonderful-mind-teachings-on-the-refuge-bodhisattva-and-tantric-vows/
Universal Worthy Bodhisattva – Blessings Prosperity and Longevity Monastery, accessed April 26, 2025, http://www.bplmonastery.org/universal-worthy-bodhisattva.html
The Vows of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra Sutra – The Huntington Archive, accessed April 26, 2025, https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/sutras/05bodhisattvaYana/Samantabhadra%20Sutra.pdf
Bodhisattva Samantabhadra: Significance and symbolism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.wisdomlib.org/concept/bodhisattva-samantabhadra
Eight Zodiac Guardians – Samantabhadra Bodhisattva – Imperial Harvest, accessed April 26, 2025, https://imperialharvest.com/blog/zg-samantabhadra/
The Sutra of Contemplation of the Dharma Practice of Universal Sage Bodhisattva, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.500yojanas.org/lotus-sutra/full-text/universal-sage/
Why is on most images Samantabhadra depicted with a naked woman on his lap as if having sexual intercourse? : r/Buddhism – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/Buddhism/comments/49jjwt/why_is_on_most_images_samantabhadra_depicted_with/
What is the significance of Samantabhadra’s Aspiration to Noble Deeds?, accessed April 26, 2025, https://sakyamonlamnorthamerica.org/news7/
All the Twenty-eight Chapters of the Lotus Sutra Are Nam-myoho-renge-kyo | OTT, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/ott/Separate-Transmission/2
I seem to be slowing down with age, but my worries are growing. How can I handle this?, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2022/i-seem-to-be-slowing-down-with-age-but-my-worries-are-growing-how-can-i-handle-this/
How to Ensure Perseverance –from ‘Buddhism of Wisdom & Faith: Pure Land Principles and Practice’ by Dharma Master Thich Thien Tam (Translated/edited by the Van Hien Study Group Sutra Translation Committee of the United States and Canada) : r/PureLand – Reddit, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.reddit.com/r/PureLand/comments/1glnteb/how_to_ensure_perseverance_from_buddhism_of/
Lotus Sutra : The King of Sutras – Exotic India Art, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/lotus-sutra-the-king-of-sutras/
The True Aspect of All Phenomena | WND I – Nichiren Buddhism Library, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.nichirenlibrary.org/en/wnd-1/Content/40
The Votary of the Lotus Sutra—One Who Practices the Correct Teaching With Outstanding Perseverance and Compassion – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2025/the-votary-ofthe-lotus-sutra-one-who-practices-the-correct-teaching-with-outstandingperseveranceand-compassion/
Faith for Overcoming Obstacles – SGI USA, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sgi-usa.org/2022/08/12/faith-for-overcoming-obstacles/
Chapter 3: Faith and Practice | Soka Gakkai (global), accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sokaglobal.org/resources/study-materials/buddhist-study/the-basics-of-nichiren-buddhism-for-the-new-era-of-worldwide-kosen-rufu/chapter-3.html
Chapter XIII – Perseverance, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.wisdomlib.org/buddhism/book/the-lotus-sutra/d/doc62789.html
Part 2: Human Revolution Chapter 18: Buddhism Is a Teaching of Dialogue [18.5] – Soka Gakkai, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.sokaglobal.org/resources/study-materials/buddhist-study/the-wisdom-for-creating-happiness-and-peace/chapter-18-5.html
The Perfection of Perseverance: Viryaparamita – Study Buddhism, accessed April 26, 2025, https://studybuddhism.com/en/tibetan-buddhism/path-to-enlightenment/love-compassion/the-perfection-of-perseverance-viryaparamita
Perseverance Is Another Name for Unwavering Determination – World Tribune, accessed April 26, 2025, https://www.worldtribune.org/2019/perseverance-is-another-name-for-unwavering-determination/

Mr. Altig’s Overview of the Wonderful Dharma of the Lotus Sutra